Title: BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Reviews, Deals & Photos 2026 - Expedia.co.uk # BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Travelers can explore the lakeside markets during the day, then return to enjoy dinner at the hotel restaurant or sip cocktails in the evening ## Photo gallery for BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL ![Reception - BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL (Sa Pa)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/24000000/23690000/23687200/23687190/b0f37238.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Premier Room, 1 Queen Bed, Balcony, Mountain View (Deluxe) | Minibar, in-room safe, desk, blackout curtains - BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL (Sa Pa)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/24000000/23690000/23687200/23687190/f8dd36dc.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Interior - BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL (Sa Pa)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/24000000/23690000/23687200/23687190/11eabd41.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Terrace/patio - BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL (Sa Pa)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/24000000/23690000/23687200/23687190/ff6061bf.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Breakfast area - BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL (Sa Pa)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/24000000/23690000/23687200/23687190/e45c39f4.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Rooms - Location - Policies Beautiful Sapa Hotel, near Sapa Lake and Market, offers a welcoming retreat with garden grounds. Guests love the restaurant's breakfast. Amenities include in-room WiFi, dry cleaning, and a bar for evening relaxation. ## Reviews 6.8 ## Popular amenities - Spa - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning ## Check prices for these days [Tonight ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-31&endDate=2026-04-01&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-31&endDate=2026-04-01&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Tomorrow ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-01&endDate=2026-04-02&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-01&endDate=2026-04-02&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [This weekend ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-03&endDate=2026-04-05&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-03&endDate=2026-04-05&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Next weekend ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-10&endDate=2026-04-12&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-10&endDate=2026-04-12&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Mod logo](https://a.travel-assets.com/pricing-claim/sparkle_dark.svg) Sign in to view eligible discounts and perks. More rewards for more adventures! [Sign in](https://www.expedia.co.uk/login?ckoflag=0&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FSa-Pa-Hotels-Beautiful-Sapa-Boutique-Hotel.h23687190.Hotel-Information)[Sign up, it's free](https://www.expedia.co.uk/signup?enable_registration=true&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FSa-Pa-Hotels-Beautiful-Sapa-Boutique-Hotel.h23687190.Hotel-Information) ## About the area Sa Pa is home to BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL. Sky Gate and Hekou Customs Site are local landmarks, and some of the area's activities can be experienced at Cable Car Station Sapa and Silver Waterfall. [Visit our Sa Pa travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Sa-Pa.dx6053145) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C22.33520%2C103.83928&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=ATpC_3I1gneWh4AyVgt9i4JVwak=) 27 Thac Bac Rd., Sa Pa, Lao Cai, 19000 ### What's nearby - ![Sa Pa Square](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/6053145/c0b0318a-43da-4af9-8a4e-e50e989a1187.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Sa Pa Square 5 min walk \- 0.3 miles - ![Sapa Lake](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/6053145/63eff88d-fe65-4f67-9e20-71dbb9503a20.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Sapa Lake 10 min walk \- 0.6 miles - Cable Car Station Sapa 3 min walk \- 0.2 miles - Sapa Museum 3 min walk \- 0.2 miles - Sapa Catholic Church 7 min walk \- 0.4 miles ### Getting around - Sapa Station 4 min walk ### Restaurants - Starbucks Sapa Sun Plaza 3 min walk - Hajah Hawa Halal Food 3 min walk - Banana Leaf 2 min walk - Red Dao House 2 min walk - Cacao Patisserie 3 min walk ## About this property ### BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Hotel near Sapa Lake A terrace, a garden and dry cleaning/laundry services are just a few of the amenities provided at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL. The on-site restaurant offers breakfast, lunch and dinner. In addition to a bar, guests can connect to free in-room WiFi. You'll also enjoy the following perks during your stay: - Free self-parking - A round-trip airport shuttle (surcharge), a porter/bellboy and a 24-hour front desk - A lift, luggage storage and concierge services Room features All guest rooms at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL feature thoughtful touches, such as air conditioning, as well as amenities, such as free WiFi and safes. Other amenities include: - Bathrooms with showers and free toiletries - LCD TVs with cable channels - Electric kettles, fans and daily housekeeping ### All-inclusive details All-inclusive room rates at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL are available. These rates are higher because they include on-site food and beverages in the room rate (some restrictions may apply). ## Similar properties ![Outdoor pool](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/107000000/106930000/106924300/106924270/7d5b7731.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Fansipan View Hotel Sa Pa - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 8.8 Excellent 46 reviews £35 includes taxes & fees 8 Apr - 9 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-08&endDate=2026-04-09&selected=106924270&PinnedHotelID=106924270&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Dining](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/19000000/18670000/18661800/18661777/ef6ad6ea.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sapa Garden Hotel Sa Pa - Spa - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning 9.6 Exceptional 140 reviews £24 includes taxes & fees 5 Apr - 6 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-05&endDate=2026-04-06&selected=18661777&PinnedHotelID=18661777&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Minibar, in-room safe, desk, blackout curtains](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/14000000/13390000/13383400/13383343/2c4445b3.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sapa Dragon Hotel Sa Pa - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant 9.4 Exceptional 246 reviews £25 includes taxes & fees 5 Apr - 6 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-05&endDate=2026-04-06&selected=13383343&PinnedHotelID=13383343&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Reception](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/117000000/116030000/116029100/116029028/1b3a5dd0.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Grand Flamant Sapa Central Hotel Sa Pa - Breakfast included - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning - 24/7 front desk 8.0 Very good 1 review £20 includes taxes & fees 15 Apr - 16 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-15&endDate=2026-04-16&selected=116029028&PinnedHotelID=116029028&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Premier Double Room, 1 King Bed, Lake View | Balcony view](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/116000000/115540000/115538600/115538504/2ee618d7.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Quiet Sapa Hotel Sa Pa - Spa - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 9.6 Exceptional 17 reviews £20 includes taxes & fees 4 Apr - 5 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-04&endDate=2026-04-05&selected=115538504&PinnedHotelID=115538504&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Terrace/patio](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/18000000/17810000/17803500/17803426/c4d12ada.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Freesia Hotel Sa Pa - Pool - Spa - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 8.6 Excellent 233 reviews £23 includes taxes & fees 2 Apr - 3 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-02&endDate=2026-04-03&selected=17803426&PinnedHotelID=17803426&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Rooftop pool](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/30000000/29630000/29630000/29629966/27735e56.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sapa Nature View Hotel Sa Pa - Pool - Kids’ pool - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 7.2 Good 21 reviews £28 includes taxes & fees 29 Apr - 30 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-29&endDate=2026-04-30&selected=29629966&PinnedHotelID=29629966&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Restaurant](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/112000000/111180000/111178800/111178794/3c9a7757.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### SaPa Marigold Hotel Sa Pa - Spa - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning 9.4 Exceptional 6 reviews £11 includes taxes & fees 1 Apr - 2 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-01&endDate=2026-04-02&selected=111178794&PinnedHotelID=111178794&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![View from property](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/10000000/9090000/9085200/9085140/483f417d.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sapa Panorama Hotel Sa Pa - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning 8.2 Very good 76 reviews £26 includes taxes & fees 1 Apr - 2 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-01&endDate=2026-04-02&selected=9085140&PinnedHotelID=9085140&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Front of property](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/104000000/103220000/103211600/103211559/ecbf63d6.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Legend Home Sapa Sa Pa - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning - Breakfast available 8.8 Excellent 13 reviews £45 includes taxes & fees 21 Apr - 22 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-21&endDate=2026-04-22&selected=103211559&PinnedHotelID=103211559&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Compare similar properties](/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-14&endDate=2026-04-15&selected=23687190&PinnedHotelID=23687190&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2&comparePropertyIds=23687190,106924270,18661777,13383343,116029028) ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in all rooms: Free WiFi - Available in some public areas: Free WiFi ### Parking and transport - Return airport shuttle (surcharge) - Train station pick-up and drop-off shuttle (surcharge) - Free self parking on site - Limited on-site self parking - Wheelchair-accessible parking available ### Food and drink - A bar/lounge - A restaurant - Snack bar/deli ### Family friendly - Laundry facilities - Snack bar/deli - Soundproofed rooms ### Conveniences - 24-hour front desk - Laundry facilities - Luggage storage - Safe at front desk ### Guest services - Concierge services - Dry cleaning/laundry service - Housekeeping (daily) - Porter/bellhop - Tour and ticket assistance ### Business services - Meeting rooms ### Outdoors - Barbecue grill - Garden - Terrace ### Spa - Spa services ### Accessibility - If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking. - Assistive listening devices - Braille/raised signage - Grab bar near toilet - Lift - Wheelchair accessibility - Wheelchair-accessible parking - Wheelchair-accessible path of travel ### More - Smoke-free property ## Room amenities ### Bedroom - Blackout drapes ### Bathroom - Free toiletries - Hair dryer - Private bathroom - Shower - Towels provided ### Entertainment - LCD TV with cable channels ### Food and drink - Electric kettle - Free bottled water - Limited room service - Minibar ### More - Air conditioning (climate-controlled) - Desk - Fan - Mobile key entry - Phone - Safe - Soundproofed rooms ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in time starts at 2 PM Late check-in subject to availability Minimum check-in age - 12 ### Check-out Check-out before 11:30 AM ### Special check-in instructions This property offers transfers from the train station (surcharges may apply); to arrange pick-up, guests must contact the property 24 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation The front desk is open daily from 6 AM - 11 PM Front desk staff will greet guests on arrival at the property Information provided by the property may be translated using automated translation tools ### Renovations and closures This property is closed from 20 November 2025 to 30 June 2026 (dates subject to change). ### Access methods Staffed front desk ### Pets Pets stay for free ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome Cots (infant beds) are not available ### Payment types at the property ## Important information ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed This property accepts credit cards Cashless transactions are available Safety features at this property include a carbon monoxide detector, a fire extinguisher, a smoke detector, a security system and a first aid kit This property has outdoor spaces, such as balconies, patios and terraces, which may not be suitable for children; if you have any concerns, we recommend contacting the property prior to your arrival to confirm that they can accommodate you in a suitable room If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### Property is also known as Beautiful Boutique Hotel Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel Sa Pa Beautiful Sapa Boutique Sa Pa Sa Pa Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel Hotel Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel Hotel Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel Sa Pa Beautiful Sapa Boutique Sa Pa BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Hotel BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Sa Pa Beautiful Sapa Boutique Hotel BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Hotel Sa Pa ## Frequently asked questions ### Is BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL pet-friendly? ### How much is parking at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL? ### What time is check-in at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL? ### What time is check-out at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL? ### Does BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL provide a shuttle to the airport? ### Are there all-inclusive benefits at BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL? ### Where is BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL located? ### Can I cancel my reservation for free and receive a full refund? ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Reviews ## BEAUTIFUL SAPA HOTEL Reviews 6.8 All reviews shown are from real guest experiences. Only travellers who have booked a stay with us can submit a review. We verify reviews according to our guidelines and publish all reviews, positive or negative.[More information](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/b/content-guidelines) ### 5.4 Cleanliness ### 8.0 Amenities ### 8.0 Staff & service ### 6.0 Property conditions & facilities 10 - Excellent 1 8 - Good 1 6 - Okay 0 4 - Poor 0 2 - Terrible 1 ## Reviews Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Stefan 25 Aug 2024 Liked: Cleanliness, staff & service, amenities, property conditions & facilities very friendly :) ##### Stefan Stayed 3 nights in Aug 2024 Verified ### 2/10 Terrible #### ATCHARA 10 Jul 2023 Disliked: Cleanliness, staff & service, property conditions & facilities The room so dirty Bed Sheet look like never wash Towels also many stains on it The wall is broken Bathroom very small not clean , a lot of mold on the wall It’s nightmare for us to there ##### ATCHARA Stayed 1 night in Jul 2023 Verified ### 8/10 Good #### SEUNGJUN 16 Mar 2024 Liked: Staff & service, property conditions & facilities, room comfort ##### SEUNGJUN Stayed 3 nights in Mar 2024 ### Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > - [Le Champ Tu Le](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Van-Chan-Hotels-Lechamp-Tu-Le-Resort.h42055387.Hotel-Information) > - [Heritage Line Ylang Cruise – Ha Long Bay & Lan Ha Bay](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ha-Long-Hotels-Heritage-Line-Ylang-Cruise.h42710340.Hotel-Information) > - [Lalita Tam Coc Resort & Spa ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hoa-Lu-Hotels-Lalita-Tam-Coc-Resort-Spa.h89799576.Hotel-Information) > - [Orson Hotel & Resort Con Dao](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Con-Son-Hotels-Orson-Hotel-Resort-Con-Dao.h76632895.Hotel-Information) > - [Mia Resort Nha Trang](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Mia-Resort-Nha-Trang.h5294232.Hotel-Information) > - [Fusion Resort Cam Ranh](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Fusion-Resort-Cam-Ranh.h10586819.Hotel-Information) > - [The Anam Cam Ranh](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-The-Anam.h15765822.Hotel-Information) > - [Fusion Suites Vung Tau](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vung-Tau-Hotels-Fusion-Suites-Vung-Tau.h45853361.Hotel-Information) > - [Tam Coc Retreat Ninh Bình](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hoa-Lu-Hotels-Tam-Coc-Retreat-Ninh-Binh.h96834066.Hotel-Information) > - [Yen Bien Luxury Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ha-Giang-Hotels-YEN-BIEN-LUXURY-HOTEL.h76261263.Hotel-Information) > - [Cam Ranh Riviera Beach Resort & Spa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Cam-Ranh-Riviera-Beach-Resort-Spa.h10548775.Hotel-Information) > - [Elite of the Seas](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ha-Long-Hotels-Elite-Of-The-Seas.h83481023.Hotel-Information) > - [Tan Son Nhat Con Dao Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Con-Son-Hotels-Tan-Son-Nhat-Con-Dao-Resort.h20189735.Hotel-Information) > - [New World Hoiana Hotel Vietnam](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hoi-An-Hotels-New-World-Hoiana-Hotel-Residences.h57132009.Hotel-Information) > - [Mekong Home](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Giong-Trom-Hotels-Mekong-Home.h18821349.Hotel-Information) > - [Hotel London](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Cam-Giang-Hotels-Hotel-London.h109106489.Hotel-Information) > - [Tam Coc Mountain Bungalow](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hoa-Lu-Hotels-Tam-Coc-Mountain-Bungalow.h32896392.Hotel-Information) > - [Whale Island Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Whale-Island-Resort.h4757569.Hotel-Information) > - [Emeralda Resort Ninh Binh](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Gia-Vien-Hotels-Emeralda-Resort-Ninh-Binh.h4993322.Hotel-Information) > - [HG Hostel and Motobikes](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ha-Giang-Hotels-Ha-Giang-Paradise-Hostel-Tours.h48824827.Hotel-Information) > - [An's Eco Garden](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ninh-Binh-Hotels-Ans-Eco-Garden.h17499123.Hotel-Information) > - [Swandor Cam Ranh Resort-Ultra All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Swandor-Cam-Ranh.h18724652.Hotel-Information) > - [Indochine Lan Ha Bay](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hai-Phong-Hotels-Indochine-Cruise-Lan-Ha-Bay.h35171587.Hotel-Information) > - [Hoiana Hotel & Suites](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Duy-Xuyen-Hotels-Hoiana-Hotel-Suites.h46133793.Hotel-Information) > - [ChezCao Rice Field Ecolodge Ninh Binh](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ninh-Binh-Hotels-Chez-Cao.h98008310.Hotel-Information) > - [Alma Resort Cam Ranh](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Alma-Resort.h45773013.Hotel-Information) > - [Emeralda Resort Tam Coc](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hoa-Lu-Hotels-Emeralda-Resort-Tam-Coc.h91778480.Hotel-Information) > - [Alma Resort, Nha Trang](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nha-Trang-Hotels-Alma-Resort.h55401112.Hotel-Information) > - [InterContinental Grand Ho Tram by IHG](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vung-Tau-Hotels-InterContinental-Grand-Ho-Tram.h5714020.Hotel-Information) ---