Title: Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Reviews, Deals & Photos 2026 - Expedia.co.uk [See all properties](http://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?regionId=&selected=14708131&adults=2&children=&sort=RECOMMENDED&useRewards=false&semdtl=&userIntent=&vip=false) Entire apartment # Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Apartment connected to the convention centre in Vienna ## Photo gallery for Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV ![Premium Apartment, 1 Bedroom, Non Smoking, Terrace | Private kitchen | Fridge, microwave, stovetop, dishwasher - Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV (Vienna)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/15000000/14710000/14708200/14708131/5b41358b.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Premium Apartment, 1 Bedroom, Non Smoking, Terrace | Private kitchen | Fridge, microwave, stovetop, dishwasher - Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV (Vienna)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/15000000/14710000/14708200/14708131/f84fb052.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Premium Apartment, 1 Bedroom, Non Smoking, Terrace | Terrace/patio - Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV (Vienna)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/15000000/14710000/14708200/14708131/26b1d28d.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Premium Apartment, 1 Bedroom, Non Smoking, Terrace | Private kitchen | Fridge, microwave, stovetop, dishwasher - Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV (Vienna)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/15000000/14710000/14708200/14708131/c50ec130.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Premium Apartment, 1 Bedroom, Non Smoking, Terrace | Dining - Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV (Vienna)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/15000000/14710000/14708200/14708131/5db9596a.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Location - Amenities - Policies Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV provides a terrace and more. Guests can connect to free in-room WiFi. ## Reviews 6.8 ### Entire apartment 1 bedroom1 bathroomSleeps 4441 sq ft ## Popular amenities - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space ## Add dates for prices Check-in Check-out Travellers ## About this property ### Entire place You'll have the entire apartment to yourself and will only share it with other guests in your party. ### Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Apartment connected to the convention centre in Vienna Self parking and free Wi-Fi in public areas are available at this smoke-free apartment building. The apartment provides a kitchen with a fridge, a stovetop, a microwave and a dishwasher. For a bit of entertainment, a flat-screen TV comes with cable channels, and guests can also appreciate conveniences, such as a washer/dryer and a coffee/tea maker. Housekeeping is not available. Guest accommodation at this apartment offers washers/dryers and coffee/tea makers. Each accommodation is individually furnished. Accommodation at this 4-star apartment has kitchens with fridges, stovetops, microwaves and kitchenware and utensils. Bathrooms include baths or showers and hairdryers. Guests can surf the web using complimentary wired and wireless Internet access. 100-cm flat-screen televisions come with cable channels. Additionally, rooms include an iron/ironing board and a ceiling fan. The recreational activities listed below are available either on-site or nearby; fees may apply. ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in the apartment: Free WiFi and wired internet ### Parking and transport - Secured parking on site (EUR 8 per day) - Limited on-site self parking ### Family friendly - Children stay free (see details) - Free cot ### Kitchen - Coffee/tea maker - Cookware, dishware, and utensils - Dishwasher - Electric kettle - Freezer - Hob - Microwave - Refrigerator - Toaster ### Bedrooms - Bedroom - Bedsheets provided ### Bathroom - 1 private bathroom - Bathtub or shower - Hair dryer - Shower - Towels provided ### Living spaces - Living room ### Entertainment - 100-cm flat-screen TV with cable channels ### Outdoor areas - Terrace ### Laundry - Coin laundry - Washer/dryer ### Comfort - Ceiling fan - Heating ### Pets - Pet friendly - Pets stay free ### Suitability/Accessibility - If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking. - Handrails in stairways - Lift - Stair-free path to entrance - Well-lit path to entrance - Wheelchair-accessible path to lift - Smoke-free property ### Services and conveniences - Iron/ironing board - No housekeeping service ### Location highlights - Connected to a convention centre - Connected to a rail/subway station - Connected to a shopping centre - In a shopping district - In the city centre - Near a hospital - Near a metro station - Near a train station - Near the airport ### Things to do - Bicycle rentals nearby - Hiking/biking trails nearby ### Safety features - Carbon monoxide detector not reported (host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector) - Smoke detector not reported (host has not indicated whether there is a smoke detector on the property) ### General - Individual furnishings ## Similar properties ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/84000000/83260000/83259900/83259890/7c570b74.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sleek Brigittenau 1BR w/ Roof & Pvt Loggia, nr Handeskai, by Blueground Brigittenau - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Pet-friendly [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=83259890&PinnedHotelID=83259890&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121330000/121323200/121323188/449fcf8a.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Affordable 2BR Apt Near Danube Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - City view [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121323188&PinnedHotelID=121323188&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Basic Apartment | Iron/ironing board, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121380000/121373300/121373211/dc2ea139.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### 6BR Apt with Garden near Danube Brigittenau - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - City view - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121373211&PinnedHotelID=121373211&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Garden](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/124000000/123410000/123401700/123401648/b009e36b.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Modern 2BR Apartment Near Danube Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - City view - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=123401648&PinnedHotelID=123401648&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Basic Apartment | Iron/ironing board, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121380000/121376100/121376015/2cd27de5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Charming 2BR Apt in Prime Location Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - City view [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121376015&PinnedHotelID=121376015&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Garden](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/124000000/123410000/123402200/123402105/22f2cc8a.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Bright 2BR Apartment Near Danube Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - City view - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=123402105&PinnedHotelID=123402105&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Basic Apartment | Iron/ironing board, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121290000/121286000/121285962/9f65e383.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Stylish 2BR Apt Garden Modern Comforts Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - City view - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121285962&PinnedHotelID=121285962&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Basic Apartment | Iron/ironing board, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121290000/121282500/121282486/85243c41.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Cozy 2BR Apt Next to Millennium Tower Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121282486&PinnedHotelID=121282486&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Garden](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/124000000/123410000/123401200/123401160/2ee8269d.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Affordable Apartment Near Millennium Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - City view - Microwave [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=123401160&PinnedHotelID=123401160&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Basic Apartment | Iron/ironing board, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/122000000/121330000/121321000/121320942/a486bf39.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Charming 3BR Urban Retreat Vienna Brigittenau - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - City view 10 Exceptional 1 review [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=121320942&PinnedHotelID=121320942&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Compare similar properties](/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-07&endDate=2026-02-08&selected=14708131&PinnedHotelID=14708131&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2&comparePropertyIds=14708131,83259890,121323188,121373211,123401648) ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in start time: 2 PM; check-in end time: 11:00 PM Early check-in subject to availability Early check-in fee: EUR 15 Late check-in subject to availability Late check-in fee: EUR 30 for check-in between 11:00 PM and midnight Minimum check-in age - 18 ### Check-out Check-out before 10 AM Contactless check-out Late check-out subject to availability Late check-out fee: EUR 15 ### Special check-in instructions There is no front desk at this property Guests will receive an email within 48 hours before arrival with check-in instructions; your host will greet you Information provided by the property may be translated using automated translation tools ### Access methods Host will greet you ### Pets Pets stay for free Service animals are welcome, and are exempt from fees Restrictions apply; for more information contact the property on the number on the booking confirmation ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome 1 child, up to the age of 3 years, can stay for free if using existing beds when occupying the parent or guardian's room Rollaway/extra beds are not available. Free cots are available on request at the property ### Smoking Smoking is not permitted ### Payment types at the property ## Important information ### Fees You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property. Fees may include applicable taxes: - An effective city/local tax rate of 2.848 per cent will be charged - Cleaning fee: EUR 35.00 per accommodation, per stay. We have included all charges provided to us by the property. ### Optional extras - Secured self-parking fee: EUR 8 per day - Early check-in fee: EUR 15 (subject to availability) - Late check-in fee: EUR 30 for check-in between 11:00 PM and midnight - Late check-out fee: EUR 15 (subject to availability) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed This property accepts credit cards and cash Host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector with you on the trip Host has not indicated whether there is a smoke detector on the property This property has outdoor spaces, such as balconies, patios and terraces, which may not be suitable for children; if you have any concerns, we recommend contacting the property prior to your arrival to confirm that they can accommodate you in a suitable room This property is professionally cleaned If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### Property is also known as Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Apartment Traditional Apartments TAV Apartment Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Traditional Apartments TAV Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Vienna Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Apartment Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Apartment Vienna ## About the area Located in Brigittenau neighbourhood, this apartment is connected to a railway/underground station. Vienna State Opera and Hofburg Imperial Palace are cultural highlights, and some of the area's notable landmarks include Belvedere and Schönbrunn Palace. Looking to enjoy an event or a game? See what's going on at Ernst Happel Stadium or Wiener Stadthalle. Take the opportunity to explore the area for outdoor excitement like hiking/biking trails. [Visit our Vienna travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna.dx178316) [View more Apartments in Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Apartments.d178316-aaApartments.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C48.23642%2C16.37837&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=Yw1LJsodlXEvvyVk82qxVUOM26o=) Hellwagstrasse 4, Vienna, Vienna, 1200 ### What's nearby - ![G-Tower, Augarten, Vienna](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/507815/e81b10ec-2edf-4668-9df8-7a4b889659da.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Augarten 17 min walk \- 0.9 miles - ![On the road](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/3000045348/08401f8c-ca34-433b-8f99-860d421fc2c9.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Danube Bike Path (Vienna) 20 min walk \- 1.1 miles - ![The modern Vienna.](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/3704/cf19c764-d8d8-443d-b03a-cfad079a680b.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Alte Donau 3 min drive \- 1.3 miles - Millennium City 10 min walk \- 0.5 miles - Volksoper Vienna 5 min drive \- 1.8 miles ### Getting around - Dresdner Street U-Bahn 1 min walk - Handelskai Station 11 min walk - Vienna International Airport (VIE) 27 min drive ### Restaurants - Gasthaus Kopp - Dean & David 8 min walk - China Restaurant Siegreich 10 min walk - Nadine's Bistro 5 min walk - Rosebar Centrala ## Frequently asked questions ### Is Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV pet-friendly? ### How much is parking at Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV? ### What time is check-in at Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV? ### What time is check-out at Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV? ### Where is Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV located? ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Traditional Apartments Vienna TAV Reviews ## Reviews All reviews shown are from real guest experiences. Only travellers who have booked a stay with us can submit a review. We verify reviews according to our guidelines and publish all reviews, positive or negative. [More information](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/b/content-guidelines) 10 - Excellent 2 8 - Good 1 6 - Okay 0 4 - Poor 1 2 - Terrible 1 ### 7.2 Cleanliness ### 7.0 Location ### 6.0 Staff & service ### 6.4 Property conditions & facilities ## Reviews ### 4/10 Poor #### Ka 30 Sept 2019 Disliked: Staff & service, amenities, property conditions & facilities Zur vereinbarten Übergabe des Apartments war keiner vor Ort. Nach Anruf wurde uns gesagt, dass sie kein Apartment in dieser Straße besitzen. Nach nochmaligen anrufen ging nur die Mailbox ran. Nach Kontaktaufnahme mit Expedia konnten wir dann doch das gebuchte Apartment übernehmen. Das Apartment ist renovierungsbedürftig. Das Mobiliar ist abgewohnt, die Wände brauchen dringend Farbe. Die Lage des Apartment ist hervorragend. Wir waren schnell im Zentrum und in Schönbrunn. Direkt vor der Tür befindet sich eine U-Bahn Station und eine Straßenbahn Haltestelle. Auch Einkaufsmöglichkeiten gibt es vor Ort. ##### Ka Stayed 3 nights in Sep 2019 ### 10/10 Excellent #### Verified traveller 14 Jul 2019 Liked: Cleanliness, staff & service, amenities, property conditions & facilities Good location, near subway and tram. Everything you need is there. ##### Verified traveller Stayed 3 nights in Jul 2019 ### 2/10 Terrible #### Verified traveller 19 May 2019 Disliked: Cleanliness, staff & service, property conditions & facilities, room comfort #### Everything was terrible and worst silverfishes on floor and wall, arrogant woman (need to meet her to get keys and be robbed of cleaning fee 35 euro - there's no reception desk), old and dirty supplies, horrible building (building photo they posted is fake), and many more. 4 star hotel? - ridiculous. NEVER stay here if you don't want to waste money and have unpleasant memory of Vienna. ##### Verified traveller Stayed 2 nights in May 2019 ### 10/10 Excellent #### Verified traveller 6 Mar 2019 Liked: Cleanliness, staff & service, property conditions & facilities, room comfort #### Good! Good location and public transport ##### Verified traveller Stayed 3 nights in Mar 2019 ### 8/10 Good #### Linda, Niagara Falls, Ontario 29 Sept 2017 Liked: Cleanliness, property conditions & facilities, room comfort #### Nice apartment a little far from the city centre We didn't have any difficulty locating the apartment from the Keleti train station. We took a city train to a nearby stop and walked about 4 blocks. The apartment itself was very clean and pleasant. We were met promptly at the apartment with the keys. There was no security deposit required. It was necessary to take public transportation to the city centre. The Metro was nearby and ease to use. Nearby the apartment was the Millenium, a large shopping centre with good food options. We found restaurants and a grocery store nearby. It felt like a safe area. ##### Linda Stayed 3 nights in Sep 2017 ## Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > [Hotel Kaiserhof Wien](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-HOTEL-KAISERHOF-WIEN.h4006.Hotel-Information) > > [MOOONS](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-MOOONS.h41522509.Hotel-Information) > > [Flemings Selection Hotel Wien-City](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Flemings-Selection-Hotel-Wien-City.h3749150.Hotel-Information) > > [O11 Boutique Hotel Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-O11-Boutique-Hotel-Vienna.h2893771.Hotel-Information) > > [Spark by Hilton Vienna Donaustadt](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Spark-By-Hilton-Vienna-Donaustadt.h78642151.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel Indigo Vienna – Naschmarkt by IHG](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Indigo-Vienna-Naschmarkt.h72115026.Hotel-Information) > > [Leonardo Hotel Vienna City West](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Leonardo-Hotel-Vienna-Otto-Wagner.h89165915.Hotel-Information) > > [The Levante Parliament A Design Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-The-Levante-Parliament-A-Design-Hotel.h1370855.Hotel-Information) > > [Adina Serviced Apartments Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Joyn-Vienna.h35888577.Hotel-Information) > > [Flemings Hotel Wien-Stadthalle](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Flemings-Hotel-Wien-Stadthalle.h1545401.Hotel-Information) > > [ Leonardo Hotel Vienna Hauptbahnhof](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Star-Inn-Hotel-Wien-Hauptbahnhof.h9732886.Hotel-Information) > > [Max Brown Hotel 7th District, part of Sircle Collection](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Max-Brown-7th-District.h31848685.Hotel-Information) > > [Sans Souci Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Sans-Souci-Vienna.h5440693.Hotel-Information) > > [The Social Hub Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-The-Social-Hub-Vienna.h44986621.Hotel-Information) > > [voco Vienna Prater by IHG](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Voco-Vienna-Prater.h21234.Hotel-Information) > > [Citadines Danube Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Citadines-Danube-Vienna.h90398048.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel Rathauspark Wien](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Hotel-Rathauspark-Wien.h13991.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel Daniel Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Hotel-Daniel-Vienna.h8053339.Hotel-Information) > > [Leonardo Hotel Vienna Schönbrunn ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Star-Inn-Hotel-Wien-Schonbrunn.h5857455.Hotel-Information) > > [lyf Schönbrunn Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Lyf-Schonbrunn-Vienna.h95711195.Hotel-Information) > > [Leonardo Hotel Vienna Westbahnhof](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Leonardo-Hotel-Vienna.h7739.Hotel-Information) > > [Artists paradise with grand piano](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Artists-Paradise-With-Grand-Piano.h40169189.Hotel-Information) > > [Ruby Marie Hotel Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Ruby-Marie-Hotel-Vienna.h12649267.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel George Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Koncept-Hotel-Liebelei.h2842411.Hotel-Information) > > [Austria Trend Hotel Savoyen Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Austria-Trend-Hotel-Savoyen-Vienna.h7797080.Hotel-Information) > > [Apartment Erdbergstrasse](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-CheckVienna-Erdberg.h38994330.Hotel-Information) > > [Almanac Palais Vienna](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Almanac-Palais-Vienna.h88488251.Hotel-Information) > > [Space Homes Hostel - Inner City](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-Space-Homes-Inner-City.h76148021.Hotel-Information) > > [Campanile Vienna South](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vienna-Hotels-7-Days-Premium-Hotel-Vienna-South.h44337005.Hotel-Information) ---