Title: Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Reviews, Deals & Photos 2025 - Expedia.co.uk [See all properties](http://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?regionId=&adults=2&children=&sort=RECOMMENDED&useRewards=false&semdtl=&userIntent=&vip=false) # Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Hotel in Orangeburg with free parking ![Room, 2 Queen Beds, Kitchenette | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/6426c01e.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Room, 2 Queen Beds, Kitchenette | Private kitchenette | Mini-fridge, microwave](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/032950d3.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Shower, free toiletries, towels, toilet paper](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/f2d8972d.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/bde7bffe.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Reception](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/bf833d46.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Rooms - Location - Policies Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 provides a garden and more. Guests can connect to free in-room WiFi. 3.0 ## Popular amenities - Room service - Pet-friendly - Air conditioning - 24/7 front desk - Free WiFi - Parking included £41 includes taxes & fees 16 Oct - 17 Oct ## Room options ### Check availability for these dates Tonight [Oct 15 - Oct 16](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-15&endDate=2025-10-16&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-15&endDate=2025-10-16&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) Tomorrow [Oct 16 - Oct 17](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-16&endDate=2025-10-17&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-16&endDate=2025-10-17&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) This weekend [Oct 17 - Oct 19](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-17&endDate=2025-10-19&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-17&endDate=2025-10-19&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) Next weekend [Oct 24 - Oct 26](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-24&endDate=2025-10-26&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-24&endDate=2025-10-26&selected=112646069&PinnedHotelID=112646069&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) All rooms 1 bed 2 beds Showing 5 of 5 rooms ![Room, 2 Queen Beds, Kitchenette | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/a6f22b80.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Room, 2 Queen Beds, Kitchenette ### Highlights Air conditioning Free rollaway/extra beds Mini-fridge Flat-screen TV Private bathroom Microwave Cable channels Desk - 150 sq ft - Sleeps 4 - 2 Queen Beds ![Room, 2 Queen Beds | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/430e8310.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Room, 2 Queen Beds ### Highlights Air conditioning Free rollaway/extra beds Mini-fridge Flat-screen TV Private bathroom Microwave Cable channels Desk - 150 sq ft - Sleeps 4 - 2 Queen Beds ![Room, 1 King Bed | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/1493afe1.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Room, 1 King Bed ### Highlights Air conditioning Free rollaway/extra beds Mini-fridge Flat-screen TV Private bathroom Microwave Cable channels Desk - 150 sq ft - Sleeps 2 - 1 King Bed ![Room, 1 Double Bed | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/aceec7f5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Room, 1 Double Bed ### Highlights Air conditioning Free rollaway/extra beds Mini-fridge Flat-screen TV Private bathroom Microwave Cable channels Desk - 150 sq ft - Sleeps 2 - 1 Double Bed ![Room, 1 Queen Bed | Desk, free rollaway beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/113000000/112650000/112646100/112646069/77798ae1.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Room, 1 Queen Bed ### Highlights Air conditioning Free rollaway/extra beds Mini-fridge Flat-screen TV Private bathroom Microwave Cable channels Desk - 150 sq ft - Sleeps 2 - 1 Queen Bed ![Mod logo](https://a.travel-assets.com/pricing-claim/sparkle_dark.svg) Sign in to view eligible discounts and perks. More rewards for more adventures! [Sign in](https://www.expedia.co.uk/login?ckoflag=0&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FOrangeburg-Hotels-Crown-Inn-By-Oyo-Orangeburg-Hwy-301.h112646069.Hotel-Information)[Sign up, it's free](https://www.expedia.co.uk/signup?enable_registration=true&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FOrangeburg-Hotels-Crown-Inn-By-Oyo-Orangeburg-Hwy-301.h112646069.Hotel-Information) ## About the area Orangeburg is home to Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301. I.P. Stanback Museum & Planetarium and Elloree Heritage Museum and Cultural Center are cultural highlights, and some of the area's landmarks include Edisto Memorial Gardens and South Carolina State College Historic District. [Visit our Orangeburg travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Orangeburg.dx6058108) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C33.47926%2C-80.90453&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=BMQhWHiW6SqfojUSIwxAgL9e91A=) 2805 Bamberg Rd, Orangeburg, SC, 29115 ### What's nearby - Edisto Memorial Gardens - 4 min drive - 3.1 miles - Claflin University - 6 min drive - 4.5 miles - South Carolina State University - 6 min drive - 4.5 miles - South Carolina State College Historic District - 6 min drive - 4.5 miles - Smith-Hammond-Middleton Memorial Center - 8 min drive - 5.7 miles ### Getting around - Denmark Station - 28 min drive - Columbia, SC (CAE-Columbia Metropolitan) - 50 min drive ### Restaurants - ‪McDonald's - ‬4 min drive - ‪Dodge's - ‬2 min drive - ‪Cookout - ‬4 min drive - ‪Burger King - ‬3 min drive - ‪Domino's Pizza - ‬5 min drive ## About this property ### Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Property highlights Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 provides a garden and more. Stay connected with free in-room WiFi. Other perks include: - Free self-parking - Express check-out and a 24-hour front desk Room features All 55 rooms offer comforts such as air conditioning, in addition to amenities such as free WiFi. Extra amenities include: - Bathrooms with showers and free toiletries - 32-inch flat-screen TVs with cable channels - Mini fridges, microwaves and free extra beds ## Similar properties ![Free daily on-the-go breakfast ](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/40000/34400/34400/c9ac8d21.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Super 8 by Wyndham, Orangeburg Orangeburg - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free WiFi 6.8 864 reviews £48 includes taxes & fees 21 Oct - 22 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-21&endDate=2025-10-22&selected=34400&PinnedHotelID=34400&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking | Desk, free WiFi, bed sheets, alarm clocks](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/110000/100500/100411/f6e62ff1.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Days Inn by Wyndham Orangeburg Orangeburg - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free WiFi 5.6 698 reviews £40 includes taxes & fees 2 Nov - 3 Nov [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-11-02&endDate=2025-11-03&selected=100411&PinnedHotelID=100411&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Comfort Single Room | Desk, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/106000000/105700000/105693800/105693778/68f1bad2.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Orangeburg Inn & Suites Orangeburg - All-inclusive - Parking included - Free WiFi - Air conditioning 6.2 50 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-29&endDate=2025-10-30&selected=105693778&PinnedHotelID=105693778&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds | Desk, free cots/infant beds, free WiFi, bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/10000/3200/3156/83eb9bd5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Days Inn by Wyndham Orangeburg South Orangeburg - Pool - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included 6.0 296 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-29&endDate=2025-10-30&selected=3156&PinnedHotelID=3156&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Lobby](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/35000000/34330000/34323400/34323336/1bbd70f5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Tru by Hilton Orangeburg Orangeburg - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free WiFi 9.2 Wonderful 1,008 reviews £88 includes taxes & fees 28 Oct - 29 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-28&endDate=2025-10-29&selected=34323336&PinnedHotelID=34323336&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Seasonal outdoor pool](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/30000/20500/20500/3438166f.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Baymont by Wyndham Orangeburg North Orangeburg - Pool - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included 6.0 1,014 reviews £55 includes taxes & fees 16 Oct - 17 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-16&endDate=2025-10-17&selected=20500&PinnedHotelID=20500&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Breakfast area](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/18000000/17390000/17380300/17380261/bfdc100f.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Travelodge by Wyndham Orangeburg Orangeburg - Parking included - Free WiFi - Air conditioning - Housekeeping 8.2 Very good 1,004 reviews £67 includes taxes & fees 6 Nov - 7 Nov [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-11-06&endDate=2025-11-07&selected=17380261&PinnedHotelID=17380261&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Lobby](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/300000/297200/297104/97d6098f.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Sleep Inn Orangeburg Orangeburg - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free WiFi 7.6 Good 363 reviews £67 includes taxes & fees 22 Oct - 23 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-22&endDate=2025-10-23&selected=297104&PinnedHotelID=297104&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Lobby](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/20000/15200/15145/f9528bb1.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Quality Inn & Suites Orangeburg - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free WiFi 6.2 614 reviews £52 includes taxes & fees 26 Oct - 27 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-26&endDate=2025-10-27&selected=15145&PinnedHotelID=15145&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Free daily continental breakfast ](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/2000000/1880000/1878000/1877930/8acfa265.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Spark by Hilton Orangeburg Orangeburg - Pool - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included 7.8 Good 1,009 reviews £73 includes taxes & fees 26 Oct - 27 Oct [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2025-10-26&endDate=2025-10-27&selected=1877930&PinnedHotelID=1877930&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in all rooms: Free WiFi - In-room WiFi speed: 100+ Mbps (good for 1–2 people or up to 6 devices) - Available in some public areas: Free WiFi ### Parking and transport - Free secured, uncovered self parking on site - Free RV/bus/lorry parking on site - Limited on-site parking ### Family friendly - Free rollaway/extra bed - In-room microwave - Mini-fridge ### Conveniences - 24-hour front desk ### Guest services - Housekeeping (on request) ### Outdoors - Garden ### Accessibility - No lift ### More - Designated smoking areas ## Room amenities ### Bedroom - Bedsheets provided - Free rollaway/extra bed ### Bathroom - Free toiletries - Private bathroom - Shower - Toilet paper - Towels provided ### Entertainment - 32-inch flat-screen TV with cable channels ### Food and drink - Limited room service - Microwave - Mini-fridge ### More - Air conditioning - Desk ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in start time: 3:00 PM; check-in end time: anytime Early check-in subject to availability Early check-in fee: USD 10 Minimum check-in age - 21 ### Check-out Check-out before 11:00 AM Late check-out subject to availability Late check-out fee: USD 10 Express check-out available ### Special check-in instructions Guests must contact the property in advance for check-in instructions; front desk staff will greet guests on arrival at the property To make arrangements for check-in please contact the property ahead of time using the information on the booking confirmation You will be asked to provide the property with a copy of your government-issued photo ID after booking ### Access methods Staffed front desk ### Pets Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 10 per pet, per day Service animals are welcome, and are exempt from fees Welcoming dogs and cats only ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome 1 child, up to the age of 17 years, can stay for free if using existing beds when occupying the parent or guardian's room Free rollaway/extra beds! ### Payment types at the property ## Important information ### Optional extras - Pet fee: USD 10 per pet, per day - Service animals are exempt from fees - Early check-in fee: USD 10 (subject to availability) - Late check-out fee: USD 10 (subject to availability) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed This property accepts credit cards, debit cards and cash Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher, a smoke detector, a security system and a first aid kit If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### We should mention This property does not have any lifts ### Property is also known as Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Hotel Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Orangeburg Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 Hotel Orangeburg ## Frequently asked questions ### Is Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 pet-friendly? > Yes, cats and dogs are allowed at this property. There's a fee of USD 10 per pet, per day. Service animals are exempt from fees. ### How much does it cost to stay at Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301? > As of 15 Oct 2025, prices found for a 1-night stay for 2 adults at Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 on 16 Oct 2025 start from £41.06, including taxes and fees. This price is based on the lowest nightly price found in the last 24 hours for stays in the next 30 days. Prices are subject to change. [Choose your dates](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Orangeburg-Hotels-Crown-Inn-By-Oyo-Orangeburg-Hwy-301.h112646069.Hotel-Information?rfrr=HOT.HIS.question.link.click) for more accurate prices. ### How much is parking at Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301? > Self-parking is free at this property. ### What time is check-in at Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301? > Check-in start time: 3:00 PM; check-in end time: anytime. Early check-in is available for a fee of USD 10 (subject to availability). ### What time is check-out at Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301? > Checkout is at 11:00 AM. Late checkout is available for USD 10 (subject to availability). ### Where is Crown Inn By Oyo Orangeburg Hwy 301 located? > Situated in Orangeburg, this hotel is 2.2 mi (3.6 km) from Edisto Memorial Gardens and within 6 miles (10 km) of South Carolina State University and Claflin University. South Carolina State College Historic District and I.P. Stanback Museum & Planetarium are also within 6 miles (10 km). ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > [Country Houses North Yorkshire](https://www.expedia.co.uk/North-Yorkshire-Country-Houses.d6046226-aaCountryHouses.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) > > [Grand Palladium Punta Cana Resort & Spa - All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Punta-Cana-Hotels-Grand-Palladium-Punta-Cana-Resort-Spa-All-Inclusive.h1366645.Hotel-Information) > > [EXchange Hotel Vancouver](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Vancouver-Hotels-EXchange-Hotel-Vancouver.h22861813.Hotel-Information) > > [Stonehenge Inn](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Salisbury-Hotels-Stonehenge-Inn-Shepherds-Huts.h8797444.Hotel-Information) > > [Parkview Apartments](https://www.expedia.co.uk/High-Wycombe-Hotels-Parkview-Apartments.h32463857.Hotel-Information) > > [Pet-Friendly Hotels in Durham](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Durham-Hotels-Pet-Friendly-Hotel.0-0-d4628-tPetFriendlyHotel.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels) > > [The Carpenters Arms](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Swindon-Hotels-The-Carpenters-Arms.h5769321.Hotel-Information) > > [YHA Stratford-upon-Avon - Hostel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Stratford-Upon-Avon-Hotels-YHA-Stratford-Upon-Avon-Hostel.h11535990.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotels in Inchnadamph](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Inchnadamph-Hotels.d3000011031.Travel-Guide-Hotels) > > [Bryn Meadows Golf, Hotel & Spa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Cardiff-Hotels-Bryn-Meadows-Golf.h2582663.Hotel-Information) > > [Barceló Huatulco - All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Santa-Maria-Huatulco-Hotels-Barcelo-Huatulco-All-Inclusive.h869970.Hotel-Information) > > [Alfamar Beach & Sport Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Albufeira-Hotels-Alfamar-Beach-Sport-Resort.h1110313.Hotel-Information) > > [Gwesty Seren Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Blaenau-Ffestiniog-Hotels-Gwesty-Seren-Hotel.h27593076.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotels in Holmes Chapel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Holmes-Chapel-Hotels.d6034976.Travel-Guide-Hotels) > > [Hotels in London](https://www.expedia.co.uk/London-Hotels.d178279.Travel-Guide-Hotels) > > [Albion Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Glasgow-Hotels-Albion-Hotel.h1381352.Hotel-Information) > > [IC Hotels Santai Family Resort - All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Belek-Hotels-IC-Hotels-Santai-Family-Resort-All-Inclusive.h1149293.Hotel-Information) ### Flights > [Flights from Gatwick (LGW) to El Quseir (RMF)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/lgw/rmf/london-to-marsa-alam) > > [Flights from Albufeira](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/4692/flights-from-albufeira) > > [Flights from George Town (GCM) to Las Vegas (LAS)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/gcm/las/george-town-to-las-vegas) > > [Flights from Naxos (JNX) to Athens (ATH)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/jnx/ath/naxos-to-athens) ### Cars > [Car hire in Fontainebleau](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Compare-Cheap-Car-Hire-In-Fontainebleau.d4801.Car-Hire-Guide) > > [Van Car Hire in Corby](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Van-Car-Rentals-In-Corby.d4610-tVan.Car-Rental-Guide-Class) ### Activities > [Things to do in Desenzano del Garda](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Things-To-Do-In-Desenzano-Del-Garda.d4939.Travel-Guide-Activities) > > [Things to do in Grosseto](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Things-To-Do-In-Grosseto.d7512.Travel-Guide-Activities) ### Packages > [St. Helier Beach](https://www.expedia.co.uk/St-Helier-Beach-Jersey.d6078817.Attraction) > > [French Pyrenees](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/theme-holidays/ski-holidays/6035157/French-Pyrenees) > > [Stalag Luft III Prisoner Camp Museum](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Stalag-Luft-III-Prisoner-Camp-Museum-Zagan.d553248621532516584.Attraction)