Title: Kilimanjaro Resort Reviews, Deals & Photos 2026 - Expedia.co.uk [See all properties](http://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?regionId=&adults=2&children=&sort=RECOMMENDED&useRewards=false&semdtl=&userIntent=&vip=false) # Kilimanjaro Resort Natural serenity surrounds guests at this thoughtfully designed resort, where lush gardens create a peaceful backdrop for relaxation by the outdoor pool ## Photo gallery for Kilimanjaro Resort ![Lobby - Kilimanjaro Resort (Marangu)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/8a2a3c74.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Lobby sitting area - Kilimanjaro Resort (Marangu)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/6b5ac717.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Exterior - Kilimanjaro Resort (Marangu)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/6f5fe79b.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Outdoor pool - Kilimanjaro Resort (Marangu)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/efd9e89e.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Deluxe Double or Twin Room | 1 bedroom, desk, blackout curtains, soundproofing - Kilimanjaro Resort (Marangu)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/84e4ccdf.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Rooms - Location - Policies Kilimanjaro Resort blends natural beauty with comfort for a seamless getaway. Relax in the verdant garden or choose between two refreshing pools. Free public WiFi keeps you connected, and bike rentals make exploring the area convenient and enjoyable. ## Reviews 4.8 ## Popular amenities - Pool - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant - Air-conditioning - Business services ## Check prices for these days [Tonight ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-24&endDate=2026-02-25&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-24&endDate=2026-02-25&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Tomorrow ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [This weekend ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-27&endDate=2026-03-01&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-27&endDate=2026-03-01&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Next weekend ](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-06&endDate=2026-03-08&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-06&endDate=2026-03-08&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ## Room options All rooms 1 bed 2 beds 3+ beds Showing 3 of 3 rooms ### View all photos for Deluxe Single Room ![1 bedroom, desk, blackout curtains, soundproofing](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/bcba8e74.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Deluxe Single Room ### Highlights Balcony or patio Separate sitting area Soundproofed Air conditioning Fridge Flat-screen TV Separate bedroom Blackout curtains - Mountain view - Sleeps 1 - 1 Large Single Bed ### View all photos for Deluxe Double or Twin Room ![Deluxe Double or Twin Room | 1 bedroom, desk, blackout curtains, soundproofing](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/faf4e4f4.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Deluxe Double or Twin Room ### Highlights Balcony or patio Separate sitting area Soundproofed Air conditioning Fridge Flat-screen TV Separate bedroom Blackout curtains - Sleeps 2 - 1 Double Bed OR 2 Single Beds ### View all photos for Deluxe Triple Room ![1 bedroom, desk, blackout curtains, soundproofing](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37660000/37650100/37650044/bcba8e74.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=1200&h=800&quality=medium) ### Deluxe Triple Room ### Highlights Balcony or patio Separate sitting area Soundproofed Air conditioning Flat-screen TV Separate bedroom Blackout curtains Bathrobes - Mountain view - Sleeps 3 - 3 Single Beds ![Mod logo](https://a.travel-assets.com/pricing-claim/sparkle_dark.svg) Sign in to view eligible discounts and perks. More rewards for more adventures! [Sign in](https://www.expedia.co.uk/login?ckoflag=0&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FMarangu-Hotels-Kilimanjaro-Resort.h37650044.Hotel-Information)[Sign up, it's free](https://www.expedia.co.uk/signup?enable_registration=true&uurl=e3id%3Dredr%26rurl%3D%2FMarangu-Hotels-Kilimanjaro-Resort.h37650044.Hotel-Information) ## About the area Marangu is home to Kilimanjaro Resort. Shoppers can check out Moshi Outdoor Market, while everyone can enjoy the natural beauty of Kilimanjaro National Park and Kinukamori Falls. Discover the area's wildlife on a nearby safari, or try your luck with game drives and game viewing. [Visit our Marangu travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Marangu.dx3000000112) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C-3.28154%2C37.52014&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=P2WCD0D1yt2XCxlugznOQxob4xo=) Himo-Marangu Road, Marangu ### What's nearby - ![Descending while sun rises after reaching the top of Africa's highest peak, Mt. Kilimanjaro! (5895m) ](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/553248635926753790/3f223545-2880-4caf-b1c9-21b6ca0af2b6.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Kilimanjaro National Park 7 min drive \- 3.3 miles - Kinukamori Falls 10 min walk \- 0.6 miles - Uhuru Park 42 min drive \- 29.4 miles - Moshi Outdoor Market 43 min drive \- 30.1 miles - Materuni Waterfalls 64 min drive \- 35.1 miles ### Getting around - Kilimanjaro (JRO-Kilimanjaro Intl.) 136 min drive ### Restaurants - World Trade Centre Bar 9 min walk ## About this property ### Kilimanjaro Resort Hotel near Kilimanjaro National Park Kilimanjaro Resort provides amenities, such as a garden and dry cleaning/laundry services. Stay connected with free WiFi in public areas. Other perks at this hotel include: - An outdoor pool and a children's pool - Free self-parking - Bike hire, a round-trip airport shuttle (surcharge) and outdoor furniture - Tour/ticket information, concierge services and a 24-hour front desk Room features All guest rooms at Kilimanjaro Resort boast perks, such as air conditioning and separate sitting areas, in addition to amenities, such as sound-insulated walls and bathrobes. Other conveniences in all rooms include: - Bathrooms with showers - Flat-screen TVs with satellite channels - Balconies or patios, separate sitting areas and daily housekeeping ## Similar properties ![Outdoor pool, free pool cabanas, pool umbrellas](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/5000000/4920000/4911400/4911318/65a55bd5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Honey Badger Lodge Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Spa - Kids’ pool 8.8 Excellent 99 reviews £80 includes taxes & fees 1 Mar - 2 Mar [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-01&endDate=2026-03-02&selected=4911318&PinnedHotelID=4911318&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![View from room](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/38000000/37200000/37190600/37190598/e7984b00.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Chanya Lodge Moshi - Pool - Spa - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 8.8 Excellent 25 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-10&endDate=2026-03-11&selected=37190598&PinnedHotelID=37190598&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Twin Room, 2 Single Beds | Bed sheets](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/22000000/21610000/21602200/21602131/cc38db91.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Babylon Lodge Marangu - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 10 Exceptional 1 review [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-10&endDate=2026-03-11&selected=21602131&PinnedHotelID=21602131&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Outdoor pool, pool umbrellas, pool loungers](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/20000000/19870000/19866200/19866153/3d19cfa3.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Ameg Lodge Kilimanjaro Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 9.2 Wonderful 105 reviews £89 includes taxes & fees 3 Mar - 4 Mar [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-03&endDate=2026-03-04&selected=19866153&PinnedHotelID=19866153&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Front of property](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/17000000/16470000/16469300/16469256/f85ee978.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### The Secret Garden Hotel Moshi Moshi - Breakfast included - Spa - All-inclusive - Parking included 8.2 Very good 44 reviews £22 includes taxes & fees 25 Feb - 26 Feb [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=16469256&PinnedHotelID=16469256&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Outdoor pool](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/103000000/102760000/102754200/102754141/bbbde36c.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### PRIMELAND HOTEL Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 9.8 Exceptional 9 reviews £57 includes taxes & fees 25 Feb - 26 Feb [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=102754141&PinnedHotelID=102754141&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Front of property](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/47000000/46310000/46304900/46304817/196da549.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Panama Garden Resort Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Spa - Parking included 9.0 Wonderful 36 reviews £64 includes taxes & fees 25 Feb - 26 Feb [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=46304817&PinnedHotelID=46304817&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Snack bar](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/79000000/78500000/78496700/78496670/11451615.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Kibo Palace Hotel Moshi Moshi - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Restaurant 9.6 Exceptional 70 reviews £87 includes taxes & fees 27 Mar - 28 Mar [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-27&endDate=2026-03-28&selected=78496670&PinnedHotelID=78496670&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Outdoor pool, pool umbrellas, pool loungers](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/13000000/12990000/12982800/12982725/c3f3a853.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Weru Weru River Lodge Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Spa - Parking included 6.4 16 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-10&endDate=2026-03-11&selected=12982725&PinnedHotelID=12982725&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/34000000/33380000/33370500/33370477/3bc4827d.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### PINK FLAMINGO BOUTIQUE HOTEL Moshi - Pool - Breakfast included - Spa - Parking included 10 Exceptional 77 reviews £161 includes taxes & fees 25 Feb - 26 Feb [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-02-25&endDate=2026-02-26&selected=33370477&PinnedHotelID=33370477&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Compare similar properties](/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-10&endDate=2026-03-11&selected=37650044&PinnedHotelID=37650044&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2&comparePropertyIds=37650044,4911318,37190598,21602131,19866153) ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in some public areas: Free WiFi ### Parking and transport - 24-hour return airport shuttle on request for a surcharge - Free self parking on site - Limited on-site self parking ### Things to do - Bicycle rentals - Children's pool - Outdoor pool ### Family friendly - Children's pool - Outdoor pool - Soundproofed rooms ### Conveniences - 24-hour front desk - Lockers - Luggage storage ### Guest services - Concierge services - Dry cleaning/laundry service - Housekeeping (daily) - Tour and ticket assistance - Turndown service ### Business services - 2 meeting rooms ### Outdoors - Garden - Outdoor furniture ### More - Designated smoking areas ## Room amenities ### Bedroom - Bedsheets provided - Blackout drapes ### Bathroom - Dressing gowns - Private bathroom - Shower - Slippers - Towels provided ### Entertainment - Flat-screen TV with satellite channels ### Food and drink - Free bottled water ### More - Air conditioning - Desk - Free local calls - Iron/ironing board on request - Separate sitting area - Soundproofed rooms ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in start time: 2:00 PM; check-in end time: 7:00 PM Late check-in subject to availability Minimum check-in age - 15 ### Check-out Check-out before 10:00 AM ### Special check-in instructions This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply); guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation Guests must contact the property in advance for check-in instructions; front desk staff will greet guests on arrival at the property To make arrangements for check-in please contact the property ahead of time using the information on the booking confirmation If you are planning to arrive after 7:00 PM please contact the property in advance using the information on the booking confirmation Information provided by the property may be translated using automated translation tools ### Access methods Staffed front desk ### Pets Pets not allowed ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome ### Payment types at the property ## Important information ### Fees You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property. Fees may include applicable taxes: - Deposit: USD 50.0 per stay - Cleaning fee: USD 10.0 per person, per stay. - Deposit is payable by bank transfer and is due within 24 hours of booking the reservation. We have included all charges provided to us by the property. ### Optional extras - Airport shuttle fee: USD 50 per vehicle (one-way) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed This property accepts credit cards and cash Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher and a first aid kit This property has outdoor spaces, such as balconies, patios and terraces, which may not be suitable for children; if you have any concerns, we recommend contacting the property prior to your arrival to confirm that they can accommodate you in a suitable room If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### We should mention Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms ### Property is also known as Kilimanjaro Resort Hotel Kilimanjaro Resort Marangu Kilimanjaro Resort Hotel Marangu ## Frequently asked questions ### Does Kilimanjaro Resort have a pool? ### Is Kilimanjaro Resort pet-friendly? ### How much is parking at Kilimanjaro Resort? ### What time is check-in at Kilimanjaro Resort? ### What time is check-out at Kilimanjaro Resort? ### Does Kilimanjaro Resort provide a shuttle to the airport? ### Where is Kilimanjaro Resort located? ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Reviews ## Kilimanjaro Resort Reviews 4.8 All reviews shown are from real guest experiences. Only travellers who have booked a stay with us can submit a review. We verify reviews according to our guidelines and publish all reviews, positive or negative.[More information](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/b/content-guidelines) ### 8.0 Cleanliness ### 7.0 Staff & service ### 5.0 Property conditions & facilities 10 - Excellent 0 8 - Good 1 6 - Okay 0 4 - Poor 1 2 - Terrible 1 ## Reviews ### 8/10 Good #### Anton 18 Sept 2019 Liked: Cleanliness, staff & service, room comfort It is a good for value hotel. The staff, special the manager Nick is unbelievable of value. He notices everything and has made our stay worthwhile ##### Anton Stayed 2 nights in Sep 2019 ### 4/10 Poor #### eileen 11 Sept 2025 Disliked: Staff & service, property conditions & facilities, room comfort #### 😑 Very run down hotel, restaurant looked so bad that we didn’t have an evening meal or breakfast. Bed springs sticking into your back . Hard to communicate with front desk . ##### eileen Stayed 1 night in Sep 2025 ### 2/10 Terrible #### Clinton 4 Mar 2020 ##### Clinton Stayed 2 nights in Feb 2020 ## Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > [LUX Marijani Zanzibar](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Pwani-Mchangani-Hotels-Marijani-Beach-Resort-Spa.h69923153.Hotel-Information) > > [Konokono Beach Resort and Isaraya Over Water Villa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Michamvi-Hotels-Konokono-Beach-Resort.h3881687.Hotel-Information) > > [Bamboo Zanzibar](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Jambiani-Hotels-Bamboo-Zanzibar.h103409507.Hotel-Information) > > [Four Seasons Safari Lodge Serengeti](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Serengeti-National-Park-Hotels-Four-Seasons-Safari-Lodge-Serengeti.h2949601.Hotel-Information) > > [Neptune Pwani Beach Resort & Spa Zanzibar](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Kiwengwa-Hotels-Neptune-Pwani-Beach-Resort-Spa.h4544303.Hotel-Information) > > [Farm of Dreams Lodge](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Karatu-Hotels-Farm-Of-Dreams-Lodge.h11806795.Hotel-Information) > > [PILI PILI UHURU](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Jambiani-Hotels-PILI-PILI-UHURU.h76785042.Hotel-Information) > > [The Mora Zanzibar - Luxury All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Matemwe-Hotels-Emerald-Zanzibar-Resort-Spa.h78245396.Hotel-Information) > > [Anantya Serengeti](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Arusha-Hotels-Anantya.h95540769.Hotel-Information) > > [Ngorongoro Serena Safari Lodge](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ngorongoro-Conservation-Area-Hotels-Ngorongoro-Serena-Safari-Lodge.h903728.Hotel-Information) > > [Royal Zanzibar Beach Resort All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-Royal-Zanzibar-Beach-Resort-All-Inclusive.h5563953.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel Riu Palace Zanzibar - All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-Riu-Palace-Zanzibar-All-Inclusive.h5361523.Hotel-Information) > > [Nungwi Dreams by Mantis](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-Nungwi-Dreams.h19700686.Hotel-Information) > > [Hotel Riu Jambo - All Inclusive](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-Hotel-Riu-Jambo.h75595198.Hotel-Information) > > [Highview Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Karatu-Hotels-Highview-Hotel.h22109001.Hotel-Information) > > [Amani Boutique Hotel - Small Luxury Hotels of the World](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Paje-Hotels-Amani-Boutique-Hotel.h45431049.Hotel-Information) > > [Kilimanjaro Summit Lodge](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Moshi-Hotels-The-Comfy-Stay-Hotel.h39798446.Hotel-Information) > > [Meliá Serengeti Lodge Member of Meliá Collection](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Serengeti-National-Park-Hotels-Melia-Serengeti-Lodge.h18410258.Hotel-Information) > > [Amaan Beach Bungalows](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-Amaan-Beach-Bungalows.h18835360.Hotel-Information) > > [Uroa Bay Beach Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Uroa-Hotels-Uroa-Bay-Beach-Resort.h5448275.Hotel-Information) > > [Mambo Ocean Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Kiwengwa-Hotels-Mambo-Ocean-Resort.h91290625.Hotel-Information) > > [Antares Villa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/West-Mani-Hotels-Antares-Villa.h95147597.Hotel-Information) > > [Pearl Beach Resort by Sansi](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Pearl-Beach-Resort-Zanzibar.h39193618.Hotel-Information) > > [Maharaja Boutique Hotel Zanzibar](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Uroa-Hotels-Maharaja-Boutique-Hotel-Zanzibar.h106507120.Hotel-Information) > > [Sensations Eco-Chic Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Pwani-Mchangani-Hotels-Pwani-Mchangani.h95985922.Hotel-Information) > > [Africa Safari Selous](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Selous-Game-Reserve-Hotels-Africa-Safari-Selous.h8446485.Hotel-Information) > > [Zuri Zanzibar](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Kendwa-Hotels-Zuri-Zanzibar.h20217090.Hotel-Information) > > [Karatu Simba Lodge](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Karatu-Hotels-Karatu-Simba-Lodge.h21537856.Hotel-Information) > > [Z Hotel & Z2 Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Nungwi-Hotels-The-Z-Hotel.h3675918.Hotel-Information) ---