Title: Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake Reviews, Deals & Photos 2026 - Expedia.co.uk [See all properties](http://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?regionId=6059639&destination=French+Lick%2C+Indiana%2C+United+States+of+America&selected=69738574&adults=2&children=&sort=RECOMMENDED&useRewards=false&semdtl=&userIntent=&vip=false) Entire home # Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake ## Photo gallery for Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake ![Property grounds - Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake (Jackson Township)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69740000/69738600/69738574/36f156d4.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Exterior detail - Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake (Jackson Township)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69740000/69738600/69738574/f917c982.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Exterior - Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake (Jackson Township)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69740000/69738600/69738574/243c16a2.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![TV, fireplace - Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake (Jackson Township)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69740000/69738600/69738574/e6bd8fc2_edited_e769.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Interior - Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake (Jackson Township)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69740000/69738600/69738574/bb658026.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Location - Amenities - Policies Nestled in the heart of Southern Indiana, Cabin #2A at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake offers a cozy retreat for families. With two bedrooms and a sofa bed, this cabin sleeps six comfortably and features an electric fireplace, streaming channels, kitchen with pots and pans for meal prep plus outdoor furniture under a covered porch. ## Reviews 8.8 Excellent ### Entire home 3 bedrooms2 bathroomsSleeps 6800 sq ft ## Popular amenities - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Air-conditioning - Outdoor space - Parking available £277 includes taxes & fees 27 Mar - 28 Mar ## Add dates for prices Check-in Check-out Travellers ## About this property ### Entire place You'll have the entire home to yourself and will only share it with other guests in your party. ### Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake Cabin 2 is a 3 Bedroom log cabin at the Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake in Southern Indiana. 10 Minutes from French Lick, Indiana. Renovations are complete and it looks wonderful! Bedding - 1 King Bed and a sofa bed upstairs. Downstairs - 4 Full Beds. Sleeps 12 comfortably. The cabin has 1 bedroom upstairs, the downstairs has 2 bedrooms, living room with electric fireplace, sofa bed, streaming channels, 2 kitchens, 2 bathrooms, and covered porch with outdoor furniture & ceiling fan. The kitchen has pots, pans, plates etc. You will need to bring spices and your food. We have a new gas grill as well as a charcoal grill. Remember to bring charcoal, lighter fluid and firewood. There is a gas station and Dollar General 5 minutes form the cabin. No smoking inside cabins. Smoking is permitted on outside decks. Don't forget you chairs for the fire pit. Swing set for the kids nearby. Games can be found in the cabin and on the porch. Outdoor Library, Hammock Forest and Hiking Trail also on the property! Cabin 2 is not a pet friendly cabin. Click here for a link to a video on everything our cabins and the area has to offer! Have your boat on the water in minutes! ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in the house: WiFi ### Parking and transport - Parking on site ### Kitchen - Coffee/tea maker - Cookware, dishware, and utensils - Hob - Lobster/crab pot - Microwave - Oven - Paper towels - Refrigerator - Spices - Toaster ### Bedrooms - 3 bedrooms - Bedsheets provided - Sofa bed ### Bathroom - 2 bathrooms - Hair dryer - Shampoo - Shower - Soap - Toilet paper - Towels provided ### Living spaces - Fireplace - Living room - Separate dining area ### Entertainment - Games - TV with cable/satellite channels ### Outdoor areas - Charcoal grill - Firepit - Outdoor furniture - Patio ### Laundry - Laundry facilities - Washing machine ### Comfort - Air conditioning - Heating ### Pets - Service animals only (pets not allowed) ### Suitability/Accessibility - Smoke-free property ### Safety features - Carbon monoxide detector not reported (host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector) - Smoke detector (host has indicated there is a smoke detector on the property) - Fire extinguisher ### General - Unit size: 800 square feet ## Similar properties ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/49000000/48680000/48676500/48676483/b1061755.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Comfort Inn Jasper South Jasper - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 9.2 Wonderful 552 reviews £78 includes taxes & fees 22 Apr - 23 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-22&endDate=2026-04-23&selected=48676483&PinnedHotelID=48676483&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/220000/212300/212287/28b78ab4.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Hampton Inn Jasper Jasper - Pool - Hot tub - Breakfast included - Pet-friendly 9.6 Exceptional 280 reviews £96 includes taxes & fees 4 Apr - 5 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-04&endDate=2026-04-05&selected=212287&PinnedHotelID=212287&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non Smoking | Hypo-allergenic bedding, in-room safe, laptop workspace](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/1000000/30000/24200/24170/896c41d3.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Clarion Pointe Jasper Jasper - Pool - Breakfast included - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 9.0 Wonderful 217 reviews £64 includes taxes & fees 21 Apr - 22 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-21&endDate=2026-04-22&selected=24170&PinnedHotelID=24170&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/46000000/45330000/45321000/45320933/w713h588x18y0-aa91492e.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Lost River Hostel West Baden Springs - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi - Business services - Housekeeping 7.4 Good 60 reviews £60 includes taxes & fees 13 Apr - 14 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-13&endDate=2026-04-14&selected=45320933&PinnedHotelID=45320933&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/70000000/69850000/69843700/69843688/d03aeaa9.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Family Style home -2 bedrooms 1 bath Birdseye - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Free Wi-Fi 10 Exceptional 77 reviews £153 includes taxes & fees 27 Mar - 28 Mar [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-27&endDate=2026-03-28&selected=69843688&PinnedHotelID=69843688&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![House (4 Bedrooms) | Interior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/94000000/93580000/93571100/93571059/dcfe1885.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Rustic Taswell Cabin: Grill + Walk to Patoka Lake! Taswell - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Parking included [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-09&endDate=2026-04-10&selected=93571059&PinnedHotelID=93571059&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![TV, fireplace](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/100000000/99810000/99801500/99801426/e8a3559d.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Deer Ridge @ Patoka Lake w/pass Eckerty - Kitchen - Washing machine - Dryer - Pet-friendly 9.6 Exceptional 24 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-09&endDate=2026-04-10&selected=99801426&PinnedHotelID=99801426&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Smart TV](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/111000000/110630000/110620400/110620318/803222d5.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Patoka Lake Cabin-Lake Pointe Cabin #1-Hoosier National Forest English - Kitchen - Air-conditioning - Parking available - Barbecue grill 10 Exceptional 18 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-09&endDate=2026-04-10&selected=110620318&PinnedHotelID=110620318&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Terrace/patio](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/125000000/124500000/124493800/124493703/4f064f98.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Meet Virginia! Downtown home in Historic French lick with a cool music vibe! French Lick - Washing machine - Dryer - Air-conditioning £161 includes taxes & fees 30 Mar - 31 Mar [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-03-30&endDate=2026-03-31&selected=124493703&PinnedHotelID=124493703&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Outdoor dining](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/98000000/97140000/97136300/97136265/60ee999c.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### The Cove COZY COUNTRY COTTAGE...30 seconds from Patoka Lake...sleeps 12 Taswell - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Air-conditioning - Outdoor space 10 Exceptional 4 reviews [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-09&endDate=2026-04-10&selected=97136265&PinnedHotelID=97136265&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Compare similar properties](/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-09&endDate=2026-04-10&selected=69738574&PinnedHotelID=69738574&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2&comparePropertyIds=69738574,48676483,212287,24170,45320933) ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in time starts at 4:00 PM Minimum check-in age - 25 ### Check-out Check-out before 11:00 AM ### Special check-in instructions You will receive an email from the host with check-in and check-out instructions Information provided by the property may be translated using automated translation tools ### Pets Pets not allowed (service animals are welcome, and are exempt from fees) ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome ### Events No events allowed ### Smoking Smoking is not permitted ## Important information ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed On-site parties or group events are strictly prohibited Host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector with you on the trip Host has indicated that there is a smoke detector on the property Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher This property is managed through our partner, Vrbo. You will receive an email from Vrbo with a link to a Vrbo account, where you can change or cancel your reservation If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### Property is also known as Log Cabin #2A at Osborne Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake French Lick 402914 ## About the area French Lick is home to this holiday home. French Lick Scenic Railway and The Old Jail are local landmarks, and some of the area's activities can be experienced at FLWB Indoor Karting and French Lick Winery. Big Splash Adventure and Thyen-Clark Cultural Center are also worth visiting. [Visit our French Lick travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/French-Lick.dx6059639) [View more Holiday homes in French Lick](https://www.expedia.co.uk/French-Lick-Private-Holiday-Homes.d6059639-aaPrivateHolidayHomes.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C38.40594%2C-86.60132&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=8OekaiApB39Kzb5dBFoKB0MPzmc=) Jackson Township, IN ### What's nearby - ![Warm orange sunset with cloudy sky viewed from the shore of Patoka Lake in Indiana](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/553248635056394273/cb851698-9126-4c0c-a106-5ce5f1af25f6.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Patoka Lake 1 min walk \- 0.1 miles - ![Holiday World and Splashin\' Safari featuring a waterpark as well as a small group of people](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/6231407/62aa6c97-114d-4abd-af30-e77190985b0b.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Holiday World and Splashin' Safari 48 min drive \- 46.8 miles - French Lick Casino 20 min drive \- 15.8 miles - French Lick Springs Hotel 20 min drive \- 16.0 miles - Big Splash Adventure 21 min drive \- 16.7 miles ### Restaurants - Benny’s Off The Water 10 min drive - Patoka Lake Pub 'N' Grub 10 min drive - La Laguna 11 min drive - A-Z Caterers 17 min drive - Patoka Lake Boat and Marine 7 min drive ## Frequently asked questions ### Is Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake pet-friendly? ### How much does it cost to stay at Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake? ### How much is parking at Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake? ### What time is check-in at Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake? ### What time is check-out at Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake? ### Where is Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake located? ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Log Cabin 2 at Osborn Boat Ramp on Patoka Lake Reviews ## Reviews ### Excellent All reviews shown are from real guest experiences. Only travellers who have booked a stay with us can submit a review. We verify reviews according to our guidelines and publish all reviews, positive or negative. [More information](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/b/content-guidelines) 10 - Excellent 6 8 - Good 1 6 - Okay 1 4 - Poor 1 2 - Terrible 0 ### 8.8 Cleanliness ### 9.2 Location ## Reviews Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Stacey R. 30 Jul 2024 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy #### Great getaway Very relaxing stay and close to the lake. ##### Stacey R. Stayed 3 nights in Jul 2024 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Lisa T. 15 Jun 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy #### Very quaint 2 level property Had everything you could possibly need except food and spices. Very close to the lake. Very clean and well stocked. Does need some where to hang your clothes though. I like the fact that the two levels are almost two separate apartments both with kitchens and bathrooms and bedrooms ##### Lisa T. Stayed 2 nights in Jun 2025 Verified ### 6/10 Okay #### Brooke N. 27 Sept 2024 Liked: Check-in, communication Disliked: Cleanliness, listing accuracy #### Not for us… I had mixed feelings about this property, and I will say up front that most of my concerns are “first world problems.” Location was great in regards to proximity to lake and access to a relatively quiet boat ramp. Loved the playground, hammocks, and outdoor spaces. HOWEVER, we weren’t a big fan of our cabin. It’s outdated and was pretty dirty - cobwebs everywhere, and lots of dust in corners/wall cracks. Also, the cabins in the park were all VERY close - more than I expected. We had loud neighbors, partying late. But the owner responded to my text and addressed it with them. Also, the bed sizes aren’t listed and they’re both fulls, which wasn’t great for 2 adults sharing a bed. ##### Brooke N. Stayed 2 nights in Sep 2024 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Noreen D. 17 Aug 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy Very nice. We all would come back again. Plenty of towels for everyone. Beds were decent. Close to everything. ##### Noreen D. Stayed 2 nights in Aug 2025 Verified ### 4/10 Poor #### Kevin C. 9 Jun 2024 Liked: Check-in Disliked: Listing accuracy #### A-2 cabin This property is nice but very miss leading. A lot further to the lake and listening said 1-2 minutes that is not the case. Rules dictate cleaning and washing the dishes ( no dishwasher) then dry and put away, take out the trash. There was an envelope for a tip wasn’t sure why and didn’t leave one, we cleaned everything but the towels and sheets. No information given on WI-FI had to call and leave messages. Overall cute but will not go back. ##### Kevin C. Stayed 3 nights in Jun 2024 Verified ### 8/10 Good #### Bill F. 2 Jan 2022 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy #### Stay Good and relaxing ##### Bill F. Stayed 3 nights in Dec 2021 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Tiffany R. 15 Nov 2021 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy #### Small and cozy!!!! It was smaller compared to the details online. But overall the property manager was very kind and communicated with me through my whole stay which made me our stay more enjoyable. The cabin itself was very clean and organized and the neighbors were friendly. If your looking for a cozy and quiet place to stay for a small family this would definitely be the place to spend the weekend!!! ##### Tiffany R. Stayed 2 nights in Nov 2021 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Dave M. 23 Sept 2021 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy #### Great place and close to the boat ramp. Very nice Excellent experience. I would definitely stay there again. ##### Dave M. Stayed 2 nights in Sep 2021 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Kalein G. 1 Jun 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, check-in, communication, location, listing accuracy ##### Kalein G. Stayed 2 nights in May 2025 ### Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > - [The "Big House" with.. Indoor Basketball, Trampoline and Play set, Theater Room](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Garden-City-Hotels-The-Big-House-With-Indoor-Basketball.h34886409.Hotel-Information) > - [Hillside Inn](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Madison-Hotels-Hillside-Inn.h894180.Hotel-Information) > - [Blue Chip Casino Hotel and Spa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Michigan-City-Hotels-Blue-Chip-Casino-Hotel-And-Spa.h2991209.Hotel-Information) > - [Travelodge by Wyndham Winchester](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Winchester-Hotels-Travelodge-By-Wyndham-Winchester.h9600.Hotel-Information) > - [The Essex Resort & Spa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Burlington-Hotels-The-Essex.h18494.Hotel-Information) > - [Tesla MedBed Center, East Dubuque](https://www.expedia.co.uk/East-Dubuque-Hotels-Tesla-MedBed-Center.h1076011.Hotel-Information) > - [Holiday Inn Express & Suites Price by IHG](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Price-Hotels-Holiday-Inn-Express-Suites-Price.h9253345.Hotel-Information) > - [Scandinavian Lodge](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Sister-Bay-Hotels-Scandinavian-Lodge.h16603450.Hotel-Information) > - [Hyatt Place Titusville / Kennedy Space Center](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Titusville-Hotels-Hyatt-Place-Titusville-Space-Center.h44354265.Hotel-Information) > - [Inn on Putney Road](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Brattleboro-Hotels-Inn-On-Putney-Road.h1779393.Hotel-Information) > - [Baymont by Wyndham Mishawaka South Bend Area](https://www.expedia.co.uk/South-Bend-Hotels-Baymont-By-Wyndham-Mishawaka-South-Bend-Area.h1976.Hotel-Information) > - [Holiday Inn Express Richmond by IHG](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Richmond-Hotels-Holiday-Inn-Richmond.h5259255.Hotel-Information) > - [The Chandler Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Madison-Hotels-The-Chandler-Hotel.h93082881.Hotel-Information) > - [The View Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Kayenta-Hotels-The-View-Hotel.h59418009.Hotel-Information) > - [Hyatt Regency Greenwich](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Stamford-Hotels-Hyatt-Regency-Greenwich.h18180.Hotel-Information) > - [Sea Mountain Inn Nude Resort and Spa - Adults Only](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Palm-Springs-Hotels-Sea-Mountain-Inn-Nude-Resort-Adults-Only.h27490625.Hotel-Information) > - [Bearadise Mt. Rainier: SAUNA, Hot Tub, Games, Movies](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Ashford-Hotels-Bearadise-Retreat-Cozy-Luxury-Nestled-In-Nature-With-Every-Amenity-You-Need.h109392802.Hotel-Information) > - [Hilton Grand Vacations Club Ocean Tower Waikoloa Village](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Waikoloa-Hotels-Ocean-Tower-By-Hilton-Grand-Vacations.h28763131.Hotel-Information) > - [Multi-Family A-Frame Cabin: 9 Beds + Lake Access + AC](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Lake-Arrowhead-Hotels-Summer-A-Frame-Cabin-Lake-Access-AC.h79186206.Hotel-Information) > - [The Inn At Entrada](https://www.expedia.co.uk/St-George-Hotels-The-Inn-At-Entrada.h1479630.Hotel-Information) > - [Edgewood Tahoe Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Lake-Tahoe-Hotels-Edgewood-Tahoe-Resort.h16546388.Hotel-Information) > - [Gravity Haus Jackson Hole](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Jackson-Hole-Hotels-Continuum.h22087.Hotel-Information) > - [Anvil Hotel](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Jackson-Hole-Hotels-Anvil-Hotel.h894210.Hotel-Information) > - [J House Greenwich](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Stamford-Hotels-J-House-Greenwich.h8392.Hotel-Information) > - [Wildcatter Ranch & Resort](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Graham-Hotels-Wildcatter-Ranch-Resort.h1925216.Hotel-Information) > - [Hotel Dakota](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Killdeer-Hotels-Hotel-Dakota.h9760278.Hotel-Information) > - [Aspen Select](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Rochester-Hotels-Aspen-Select.h12245240.Hotel-Information) > - [Country Inn & Suites by Radisson, Mishawaka, IN](https://www.expedia.co.uk/South-Bend-Hotels-Country-Inn-Suites-By-Radisson.h119010.Hotel-Information) ---