Title: Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon Reviews, Deals & Photos 2026 - Expedia.co.uk [See all properties](http://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?regionId=6343272&destination=Cenon%2C+Gironde%2C+France&selected=113444899&adults=2&children=&sort=RECOMMENDED&useRewards=false&semdtl=&userIntent=&vip=false) Aparthotel # Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon ## Photo gallery for Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon ![Terrace/patio - Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon (Cenon)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/114000000/113450000/113444900/113444899/25499c47.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=598&ra=fit) ![Daily continental breakfast (EUR 8 per person) - Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon (Cenon)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/114000000/113450000/113444900/113444899/5818e030.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Garden - Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon (Cenon)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/114000000/113450000/113444900/113444899/065338bc.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Apartment, 1 Bedroom | Living room | TV - Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon (Cenon)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/114000000/113450000/113444900/113444899/eceb0f1a.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) ![Library - Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon (Cenon)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/114000000/113450000/113444900/113444899/59b56c78.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=297&ra=fit) - Overview - Location - Amenities - Policies You can look forward to a terrace, a garden and a library at Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon. Guests can connect to free in-room WiFi. ## Reviews 6.4 ### Apart-hotel Sleeps 2377 sq ft ## Popular amenities - Free Wi-Fi - Outdoor space - Breakfast available - Parking available £63 includes taxes & fees 16 Apr - 17 Apr ## Add dates for prices Check-in Check-out Travellers ## About this property ### Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon This smoke-free aparthotel features self parking, a library and a garden. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include a TV in a common area. Each apartment offers free WiFi, an electric kettle and a TV with digital channels. Housekeeping is available on request. Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon offers 6 accommodations. Televisions come with digital channels. This Cenon aparthotel provides complimentary wireless Internet access, with a speed of 25+ Mbps. Cots/infant beds (complimentary) are also available. Housekeeping is provided on request. ## Property amenities ### Internet - Available in the apartment: Free WiFi - Available in some public areas: Free WiFi ### Parking and transport - Parking on site (EUR 8 per day) - Limited on-site self parking ### Family friendly - Free cot ### Food and drink - Electric kettle ### Dining - Daily continental breakfast available 8:00 AM to 10:00 AM for a fee: EUR 8 for adults and EUR 6 for children ### Bedrooms - Bedsheets provided ### Entertainment - 32-inch TV with digital channels - Library - TV in common areas ### Outdoor areas - Garden - Terrace ### Pets - No pets allowed ### Suitability/Accessibility - If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please contact the property using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking. - Lift (110 centimetre wide door) - Wheelchair accessible (may have limitations) - Wheelchair-accessible lounge - Wheelchair-accessible public washroom - Wheelchair-accessible registration desk (120 centimetre high) - Smoke-free property ### Services and conveniences - Housekeeping on request ### Location highlights - Near the boardwalk/promenade ### Safety features - Carbon monoxide detector not reported (host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector) - Smoke detector not reported (host has not indicated whether there is a smoke detector on the property) - Fire extinguisher ### General - 6 units - Garden - Housekeeping (on request) - Soundproofing ## Similar properties ![Reception](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/2000000/1770000/1764800/1764774/e6559a3f.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Victoria Garden Bordeaux Centre Nansouty-Saint-Genes - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning 8.4 Very good 807 reviews £65 includes taxes & fees 7 Apr - 8 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-07&endDate=2026-04-08&selected=1764774&PinnedHotelID=1764774&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![SUPERIOR STUDIO (SINGLE BEDS) | Desk, laptop workspace, soundproofing, iron/ironing board](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/20000000/19450000/19444500/19444439/bf829d6c.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### All Suites Appart Hôtel | Bordeaux Centre Gare Saint Jean Station District - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Laundry room 8.0 Very good 1,134 reviews £69 includes taxes & fees 18 Apr - 19 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-18&endDate=2026-04-19&selected=19444439&PinnedHotelID=19444439&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Interior entrance](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/3000000/2210000/2202600/2202530/1aac4ce6.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Residhotel Galerie Tatry Chartrons - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning 8.0 Very good 2,425 reviews £42 includes taxes & fees 19 Apr - 20 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-19&endDate=2026-04-20&selected=2202530&PinnedHotelID=2202530&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Daily continental breakfast (EUR 12.90 per person)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/2000000/1780000/1771800/1771701/4df418a4.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Comfort Aparthotel Bordeaux Begles Arena Begles - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 8.2 Very good 794 reviews £50 includes taxes & fees 12 Apr - 13 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-12&endDate=2026-04-13&selected=1771701&PinnedHotelID=1771701&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Exterior](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/66000000/65420000/65411300/65411230/75c1aa56.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Staycity Aparthotels, Bordeaux City Centre Bordeaux City Centre - Kitchen - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning - Laundry room 9.2 Wonderful 549 reviews £91 includes taxes & fees 17 Apr - 18 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-17&endDate=2026-04-18&selected=65411230&PinnedHotelID=65411230&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Desk, soundproofing, iron/ironing board, free WiFi](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/2000000/1970000/1967400/1967321/e8cd7b35.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Ténéo Apparthotel Talence - Centre Talence - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Laundry room 7.6 Good 694 reviews £49 includes taxes & fees 10 Apr - 11 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-10&endDate=2026-04-11&selected=1967321&PinnedHotelID=1967321&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Daily continental breakfast (EUR 11.9 per person)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/12000000/11860000/11859200/11859117/d174eb33.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### All Suites Appart Hôtel | Bordeaux - Pessac Pessac - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning 8.6 Excellent 924 reviews £49 includes taxes & fees 25 Apr - 26 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-25&endDate=2026-04-26&selected=11859117&PinnedHotelID=11859117&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![View from property](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/18000000/17100000/17093300/17093244/21c68a73.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Ténéo Apparthotel Talence - Espeleta Talence - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning 9.2 Wonderful 448 reviews £57 includes taxes & fees 30 Apr - 1 May [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-30&endDate=2026-05-01&selected=17093244&PinnedHotelID=17093244&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Daily continental breakfast (EUR 11 per person)](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/5000000/4770000/4766500/4766410/02e5f29d.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### All Suites Appart Hôtel | Bordeaux - Mérignac Aéroport Merignac - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Parking included - Free Wi-Fi 6.6 1,496 reviews £31 includes taxes & fees 24 Apr - 25 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-24&endDate=2026-04-25&selected=4766410&PinnedHotelID=4766410&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) ![Aerial view](https://images.trvl-media.com/lodging/18000000/17470000/17464200/17464180/52e26bbe.jpg?impolicy=fcrop&w=469&h=201&p=1&q=medium) ### Residhome Bordeaux Chartrons - Kitchen - Pet-friendly - Free Wi-Fi - Air-conditioning 9.4 Exceptional 753 reviews £73 includes taxes & fees 17 Apr - 18 Apr [](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-17&endDate=2026-04-18&selected=17464180&PinnedHotelID=17464180&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2) [Compare similar properties](/Hotel-Search?startDate=2026-04-17&endDate=2026-04-18&selected=113444899&PinnedHotelID=113444899&HadPinnedHotel=true®ionId=-1&adults=2&comparePropertyIds=113444899,1764774,19444439,2202530,1771701) ## Policies ### Check-in Check-in start time: 4:00 PM; check-in end time: 7:00 PM Early check-in subject to availability Early check-in is available for a fee Late check-in subject to availability Late check-in fee: EUR 25 for check-in between 8:00 PM and midnight ### Check-out Check-out before 11:00 AM Late check-out subject to availability A late check-out fee will be charged ### Special check-in instructions The front desk is open Monday - Saturday (9:00 AM - 5:00 PM) Front desk staff will greet guests on arrival at the property If you are planning to arrive after 4:00 PM please contact the property in advance using the information on the booking confirmation Information provided by the property may be translated using automated translation tools ### Access methods Staffed front desk ### Pets Pets not allowed ### Children and extra beds Children are welcome Rollaway/extra beds are not available. Free cots are available on request at the property ### Smoking Smoking is not permitted ### Payment types at the property ## Important information ### Fees You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property. Fees may include applicable taxes: - An effective city/local tax rate of 7.20 per cent will be charged We have included all charges provided to us by the property. ### Optional extras - Fee for continental breakfast: from approximately EUR 8 for adults and from EUR 6 for children - Self-parking fee: EUR 8 per day - Early check-in is available for a fee (subject to availability) - Late check-in fee: EUR 25 for check-in between 8:00 PM and midnight - Late check-out is available for a fee (subject to availability) The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change. ### You need to know This property is managed by a professional host. The provision of housing is linked to their trade, business or profession. Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy Government-issued photo identification and a credit card, debit card or cash deposit may be required at check-in for incidental charges Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges; special requests cannot be guaranteed This property accepts credit cards; cash is not accepted Noise-free guestrooms cannot be guaranteed Host has not indicated whether there is a carbon monoxide detector on the property; consider bringing a portable detector with you on the trip Host has not indicated whether there is a smoke detector on the property Safety features at this property include a fire extinguisher Property Registration Number 938 294 519 If you cancel your booking, you'll be subject to the host's cancellation policy. In accordance with UK consumer law, property booking services are not subject to the right of withdrawal. ### We should mention Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1000, due to national regulations; for further details, please contact the property using the information in the booking confirmation ### Property is also known as Zenao Appart'hotels Cenon Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon Cenon Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon Aparthotel Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon Aparthotel Cenon ## About the area Located in Cenon, Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon is near a boardwalk. Maison du Vin de Bordeaux and Caliceo Aquatic Center are worth checking out if an activity is on the agenda, while those looking for area attractions can visit Cap Sciences and Darwin Eco-Système. Looking to enjoy an event or a game while in town? See what's going on at Arkéa Arena, or consider a night out at Le Rocher de Palmer. [Visit our Cenon travel guide](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Cenon.dx6343272) [View more Aparthotels in Bordeaux](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Bordeaux-Apart-Hotels.d6023322-aaApartHotels.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) ![Map](https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?&size=660x330&map_id=3b266eb50d2997c6&zoom=13&markers=icon:https%3A%2F%2Fa.travel-assets.com%2Ftravel-assets-manager%2Feg-maps%2Fproperty.png%7C44.85680%2C-0.53743&channel=expedia-HotelInformation&maptype=roadmap&scale=1&key=AIzaSyCYjQus5kCufOpSj932jFoR_AJiL9yiwOw&signature=giul_54AjODxlYYQVtz4Nkacv7Y=) 8 Rue Jules Guesde, Cenon, Gironde, 33150 ### What's nearby - ![Cap Sciences](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/6156162/a76d9902-4536-4f71-8924-ff3bb9991282.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Cap Sciences 2 min drive \- 0.9 miles - ![Jacques Chaban Delmas Bridge](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/553248621564994029/ee8e1f8a-f5a4-4f9f-ba11-9b2423a35ed9.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Jacques Chaban Delmas Bridge 2 min drive \- 0.9 miles - ![Cité du Vin](https://images.trvl-media.com/place/553248621593198367/b6ae4859-e018-4883-bcd2-6d0361e4bc34.jpg?impolicy=resizecrop&rw=115.61&rh=65.03&ra=fit&q=high) Cité du Vin 3 min drive \- 1.1 miles - Le Rocher de Palmer 18 min walk \- 1.0 mile - University of Bordeaux - Bastide Campus 4 min drive \- 1.5 miles ### Getting around - Cenon Station 4 min walk - Cenon Gare Tram Stop 5 min walk - Bordeaux (BOD-Merignac) 29 min drive ### Restaurants - Belvédère 4 min drive - Gargalou 3 min drive - New School Tacos 7 min walk - Bar de la Marine 4 min drive - Le 7 Restaurant 3 min drive ## Frequently asked questions ### Is Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon pet-friendly? ### How much does it cost to stay at Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon? ### How much is parking at Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon? ### What time is check-in at Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon? ### What time is check-out at Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon? ### Where is Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon located? ## Have a question? Beta Get instant answers with AI powered search of property information and reviews. Ask a question ## Zenao Appart'hôtels Cenon Reviews ## Reviews All reviews shown are from real guest experiences. Only travellers who have booked a stay with us can submit a review. We verify reviews according to our guidelines and publish all reviews, positive or negative. [More information](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/b/content-guidelines) 10 - Excellent 2 8 - Good 3 6 - Okay 1 4 - Poor 0 2 - Terrible 3 ### 8.0 Cleanliness ### 8.0 Amenities ### 10 Property conditions & facilities ## Reviews Verified ### 8/10 Good #### Martin 24 Jun 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, amenities, property conditions & facilities First of all it should be pointed out that the flat is in a senior citizens home. Slightly strange but unless you keep very strange hours then it's not a problem. The building is quiet and the parking is covered by CCTV. I|t's close to one of the major roads out of the city so if you have a car it's not a problem. Apartment is lovely and airy (no aircon). Close to the tram stop that takes you into Bordeaux central and a Careforre City is close by. Kitchen is a little sparse for a major cook, but find for a typical holiday meal. Wifi is strong. ##### Martin Stayed 3 nights in Jun 2025 Verified ### 2/10 Terrible #### catherine 25 Aug 2025 Liked: Room comfort Disliked: Cleanliness, communication #### Pas bien du tout Semaine pas terrible, arrive le dimanche 17 août, 6 heures de route et 34 degrés et pas d eau froide pour prendre une douche, pas de clim alors que c est le sud. Avons vu la directrice le lendemain matin, pas du tout aimable, une horreur. Eau froide rétablie le lendemain, mais toute la semaine nous avons du, matin et soir, laisser couler 10 minutes l eau froide à tous les robinets pour avoir un peu d eau et pouvoir prendre nos douches... Bref, nous sommes partis une journée avant, avons rendu les clés le 23 au lieu du 24\. Pourriez vous voir si nous pourrions avoir un dédommagement ? Merci Mme Dupuis Ps: déconseillons à 100% cet établissement. De plus, ménage vraiment pas top, des moutons de poussières et de cheveux partout dans l appartement, j ai des photos. ##### catherine Stayed 6 nights in Aug 2025 Verified ### 2/10 Terrible #### Verified traveller 25 Jun 2025 Disliked: Room comfort #### Dormir en réalité dans une résidence pour senior Grande surprise en arrivant …. Nous découvrons qu’il s’agit d’une résidence pour senior ! On pense forcément à une caméra cachée … mais non. On ne nous l’avait jamais faites celle-là. Pas de clim dans les chambres. 27 degrés à 23h, ils doivent bien dormir les pauvres …. Même pas un ventilateur proposé …. Je comprends que les chambres soient vides. Et surtout je comprends pourquoi les chambres ne sont pas remboursables … Bref publicité mensongère, pas conforme à la réalité. Même si l’appartement en lui même est correct, je trouve ça très malhonnête de ne pas préciser le point essentiel qu’il s’agit en réalité d’appartement DANS UNE RÉSIDENCE POUR SENIORS. Nous étions là pour le travail, en déplacement professionnel, pour le coup pas pro du tout …. Heureusement que notre Directeur Général n’était pas là…. Dites la vérité, après on adhère ou on adhère pas, mais dites la vérité sur l’annonce qu’on sache à quoi s’en tenir. Et Hôtels.com, pensez peut être à vérifier les annonces qui sont proposées sur votre plateforme… car avant tout quand je réserve par vous, je vous fais confiance et là…. C’est raté. ##### Verified traveller Stayed 2 nights in Jun 2025 Verified ### 8/10 Good #### catherine 29 May 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, room comfort, communication Parfait. Sauf les petits déjeuners, un peu cher pour ce qu ils proposent. ##### catherine Stayed 2 nights in May 2025 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Francois 30 Dec 2025 ##### Francois Stayed 1 night in Dec 2025 Verified ### 10/10 Excellent #### Sebastien 18 Sept 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, room comfort, communication ##### Sebastien Stayed 1 night in Sep 2025 Verified ### 8/10 Good #### Eric 28 Jun 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, room comfort, communication ##### Eric Stayed 3 nights in Jun 2025 Verified ### 2/10 Terrible #### Margaux 19 Jun 2025 ##### Margaux Stayed 1 night in Jun 2025 Verified ### 6/10 Okay #### Ainice 27 Apr 2025 Liked: Cleanliness, room comfort, communication ##### Ainice Stayed 1 night in Apr 2025 ### Expedia's Latest Trends ### Hotels > - [Cottages Aston](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Aston-Cottages.d6078322-aaCottages.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) > - [HALL Arts Hotel, Dallas, Autograph Collection](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Dallas-Hotels-Hall-Arts-Hotel.h36075099.Hotel-Information) > - [nhhotels Hotels in Segovia](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Segovia-Hotels-NH-Hotels.0-0-d5147--bNHHotels.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels) > - [Hotels in Richmond](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Richmond-Hotels.d6144808.Travel-Guide-Hotels) > - [Dusit Thani Laguna Singapore](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Singapore-Hotels-Dusit-Thani-Laguna-Singapore.h42723659.Hotel-Information) > - [Gay-Friendly Hotels in Bruges](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Bruges-Hotels-Gay-Friendly-Hotel.0-0-d6155224-tGayFriendlyHotel.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels) > - [Bordeaux-Villa with air-conditioning and heated pool](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Bordeaux-Hotels-Bordeaux-Air-Conditioned-VILLA-HEATED-Swimming-Pool-La-Campagne-A-La-Ville.h27921190.Hotel-Information) > - [ Grand Hotel "Château de Sully" - Piscine et Spa](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Sully-Hotels-Chateau-De-Sully.h2239658.Hotel-Information) > - [Boutique Hotels in Lisbon Old Town](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Lisbon-Old-Town-Lisbon-District-Hotels-Boutique-Hotel.0-n553248633981727341-0-tBoutiqueHotel.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels) > - [Palais Moulay Said & SPA](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Marrakech-Hotels-Riad-Moulay-Said-SPA.h111799505.Hotel-Information) > - [Holiday Parks Wavendon](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Wavendon-Holiday-Parks.d3000424396-aaHolidayParks.Travel-Guide-Accommodation) > - [Savannah Beach](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Casablanca-Hotels-Savannah-Beach.h28832433.Hotel-Information) > - [nhhotels Hotels in Riga](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Riga-Hotels-NH-Hotels.0-0-d6056778--bNHHotels.Travel-Guide-Filter-Hotels) ### Flights > - [Flights from haneda airport](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/airports/hnd/flights-from-haneda-airport) > - [Flights from Melbourne (MEL) to Sydney (SYD)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/mel/syd/melbourne-to-sydney) > - [Flights from Paisley (GLA) to Algiers (ALG)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/gla/alg/glasgow-to-algiers) > - [Flights from Hyderabad (HYD) to Edinburgh (EDI)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/hyd/edi/hyderabad-to-edinburgh) > - [Flights from Ottawa (YOW) to Barry (CWL)](https://www.expedia.co.uk/lp/flights/yow/cwl/ottawa-to-cardiff) ### Cars ### Activities > - [Things to do in Campania](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Things-To-Do-In-Campania.d6048569.Travel-Guide-Activities) ### Packages > - [Castro Marim Holidays](https://www.expedia.co.uk/Castro-Marim.d6125614.Holidays-City-Breaks) > - [The Potter's House Christian Fellowship Church](https://www.expedia.co.uk/The-Potters-House-Christian-Fellowship-Church-Bangalore-City-Center.d553248621532738262.Attraction) ---